In addition to creating calculus, a discipline of mathematics still practiced today, he studied and published works on universal gravity and the three laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and his studies made a great impact on Enlightenment ideology. It is not possible to isolate the trends of music during this period without briefly looking into what was happening at the time in society. Historical events and advances in science influenced music and the other arts tremendously. The rococo took the extremes of baroque architecture and design to new heights with ornate design work and gold gilding (see figure of a rococo church). The term " Rococo" is sometimes used to describe art from the end of the Baroque period, from the mid to late eighteenth century. The baroque title was then used to describe the style of the era. This definition was adhered to until 1888 when Heinrich Wölfflin coined the word as a stylistic title or designation. In art circles, the term baroque came to be used to describe the bizarre, irregular, grotesque, or anything that departs from the regular or expected. The conflict between the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and the influence of Greek/Roman culture as opposed to medieval roots are present throughout the Baroque era. The baroque period is a time of extremes resulting from events stemming back to the renaissance. Jewelers use this term even today to describe irregular or imperfectly shaped pearls: a baroque pearl. Another possible origin is from the Portuguese term barrocco, in Spanish barrueco. ![]() Later the term came to denote or bring attention to any contorted idea, obscure thought, or anything different, out of the ordinary, or strange. Philosophers during the Middle Ages used this term to describe an obstacle or veerings from schematic logic. Baroque ultimately is thought to have derived from the Italian word barocco. The term "Baroque" has an interesting and disputed past. You'll encounter more on that when you get to the opera portion of this learning chapter. ![]() The biggest opera stars in 1720 were followed around by paparazzi and gossiped about just as are, say, Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie. Opera in the seventeenth century was the entertainment equivalent of movies today. It's appropriate that we hear Handel and his contemporaries in commercials today considering the Baroque era was essentially the first age in which music became a commercial commodity. In this section, we will add some context and history to these and many other personalities from the Baroque Era. You have almost certainly heard snippets of these composers on TV shows, commercials, or movies. You are probably familiar with such names as Bach, Handel, and Pachelbel, whose Canon is used in many modern weddings. This period includes several composers that we now hear on so-called "classical" music stations. This brief introduction to the Baroque period is intended to provide a short summary of the music and context in the Baroque Era, which lasted from about 1600–1750. Aurally identify selected music of the Baroque, making critical judgments about its style and use. ![]()
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